Calligraphy in Different Cultures: Discover the Artistic Journey Across the Globe!
Calligraphy is a revered art form that varies across different cultures around the world. From Arabic calligraphy art to Chinese brush calligraphy and Japanese Shodo, each culture has its own unique style and traditions. Western calligraphy styles showcase the beauty of the Latin alphabet, while Islamic calligraphic traditions express the divine word. Let’s take a closer look at the rich tapestry of calligraphy in different cultures.
Key Takeaways:
- Calligraphy is a universal art form that transcends language barriers and cultural boundaries.
- Arabic calligraphy art is deeply intertwined with the Arabic language and Islamic culture.
- Chinese brush calligraphy combines painting and calligraphy to create expressive strokes and characters.
- Japanese Shodo is rooted in Zen Buddhism and emphasizes the balance between control and spontaneity.
- Western calligraphy styles showcase the elegance and beauty of the Latin alphabet.
Arabic Calligraphy: The Beauty of the Written Word
Arabic calligraphy is a mesmerizing art form that showcases the beauty and intricacy of the Arabic language. With its roots deeply intertwined with the rich history and cultural heritage of the Arab world, Arabic calligraphy serves as a visual representation of the written word. The Arabic language, spoken by 22 Arab countries, has evolved over time, resulting in various dialects. However, there is a distinction between spoken Arabic dialects and Fusha, the more formal written form of Arabic mainly found in the Quran.
Arabic calligraphy has flourished over centuries, influenced by different Arab cultures. It encompasses a wide range of calligraphic movements and styles, each with its own unique characteristics. Some of the key Arabic calligraphic styles include Thuluth, Naskh, Diwani, and Ruq’ah. These styles are often associated with the Quran and can be found adorning the walls of mosques and medressas, adding an aesthetic and spiritual dimension to these sacred spaces.
“Arabic calligraphy is not just about writing; it is an art form that requires skill, precision, and a deep understanding of the language and its nuances.” – Arabic calligrapher Ahmed Abdelrahman
Arabic calligraphy has always been highly revered as a form of artistic expression. The calligraphers carefully choose their tools and materials, including reeds, inks, and special papers, to create stunning compositions. The artistry lies not only in the strokes and curves of the Arabic letters but also in the harmonious balance between the written word and its visual representation.
| Arabic Calligraphic Styles | Description |
|---|---|
| Thuluth | This style is characterized by its tall, elongated letters and is often used for decorative purposes. |
| Naskh | Naskh is known for its simplicity and readability, making it suitable for both formal and informal writing. |
| Diwani | Diwani is a highly decorative and ornate style that is often used for royal decrees and official documents. |
| Ruq’ah | With its simplified and angular letterforms, Ruq’ah is commonly used for everyday handwriting and informal texts. |
Arabic calligraphy continues to captivate audiences worldwide with its timeless beauty and cultural significance. Its influence can be seen in various art forms, from architecture to fashion, showcasing the enduring power of the written word.
Chinese Brush Calligraphy: An Art of Harmony and Balance
Chinese brush calligraphy is a deeply respected and cherished art form that combines the elegance of painting with the precision of calligraphy. It holds a significant place in Chinese culture and has been practiced for centuries. The use of a brush dipped in ink allows artists to create expressive strokes that reflect the artist’s emotions and intentions.
Chinese brush calligraphy is not limited to written characters; it can also be seen in Chinese painting, where calligraphic elements are used to convey a sense of movement and harmony. The combination of calligraphy and painting, known as “shuimo” or “ink and wash,” captures the essence of the subject with an elegant simplicity.
“Chinese brush calligraphy is not just a form of writing, but a spiritual practice that requires discipline and patience. It is an art of harmony and balance, reflecting the principles of Taoism and Chinese philosophy.” – Master Calligrapher Zhang Xiaoming
The New Zealand Chinese Calligraphers Association and the Chinese Artists Association
In recent years, organizations like the New Zealand Chinese Calligraphers Association and the Chinese Artists Association have played a vital role in promoting and preserving Chinese brush calligraphy. These associations organize exhibitions, workshops, and cultural events to showcase the beauty and cultural significance of Chinese calligraphy to a global audience.
The New Zealand Chinese Calligraphers Association, founded in 2002, aims to provide a platform for calligraphers of Chinese descent in New Zealand to connect, share their knowledge, and foster cross-cultural exchange. The association holds regular exhibitions, where members can showcase their artwork and inspire others to appreciate Chinese calligraphy.
The Chinese Artists Association, established in 1949, is one of the most prominent organizations in China dedicated to promoting and preserving traditional Chinese art forms. It plays a crucial role in supporting Chinese brush calligraphy artists and providing opportunities for them to exhibit their work both within China and internationally.
Table: Comparison of Chinese Calligraphy Associations
| Association | Year Founded | Mission |
|---|---|---|
| New Zealand Chinese Calligraphers Association | 2002 | To promote and preserve Chinese calligraphy in New Zealand, foster cultural exchange, and provide a platform for local calligraphers. |
| Chinese Artists Association | 1949 | To support and promote traditional Chinese art forms, including calligraphy, within China and internationally. |
Japanese Shodo: The Way of the Brush
Immerse yourself in the captivating world of Japanese calligraphy with a unique and enlightening experience tour. At Asagao Workshop, we offer an opportunity to delve into the art of Japanese Shodo, also known as Japanese calligraphy, and discover the beauty of the brush strokes that have been honed for centuries.
During the Japanese calligraphy experience tour, you will have the chance to learn the basics of Japanese calligraphy from skilled instructors who will guide you through the art of brushwork and character creation. Gain insights into the deep-rooted connection between Shodo and Zen Buddhism, and experience the calmness and focus that comes with each thoughtful stroke.
Asagao Workshop provides a nurturing environment where participants of all skill levels can explore their creativity and forge a personal connection with the art form. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced calligrapher, our experienced instructors will ensure that you leave with a sense of accomplishment and a newfound appreciation for the elegance of Japanese calligraphy.
Join us at Asagao Workshop and embark on a journey of self-expression and mindfulness through the practice of Japanese Shodo. Discover the intricate beauty that lies within every brushstroke and unlock your creativity in a serene and welcoming environment.
The Japanese Calligraphy Experience Tour at Asagao Workshop
In addition to the Japanese calligraphy experience tour, Asagao Workshop also offers a range of workshops and classes tailored to different interests and skill levels. Whether you are looking to deepen your understanding of calligraphy or explore other traditional Japanese arts, our dedicated instructors are here to guide you.
| Workshop | Description |
|---|---|
| Beginner’s Workshop | Perfect for individuals with no prior experience, this workshop provides an introduction to the fundamental techniques and principles of Japanese calligraphy. |
| Advanced Workshop | Designed for experienced calligraphers, this workshop focuses on refining brushwork, exploring different styles, and creating expressive compositions. |
| Children’s Class | A fun and interactive class for children, introducing them to the art of Japanese calligraphy and nurturing their creativity. |
“Japanese calligraphy is not just about creating beautiful characters; it is a form of meditation and self-expression. Through the flowing brushstrokes, we find tranquility and discover our true selves.” – Master Calligrapher, Asagao Workshop
Western Calligraphy Styles: The Elegance of the Latin Alphabet
Western calligraphy styles encompass a wide range of beautiful and intricate scripts that showcase the elegance and artistry of the Latin alphabet. From Gothic script to Copperplate, each style has its own distinct characteristics and historical significance. Let’s explore some of the notable Western calligraphic styles and their unique features.
1. Gothic Script:
The Gothic script, also known as Blackletter, originated in medieval Europe and was commonly used for writing in books and manuscripts. This highly ornamental style is characterized by its pointed arches, sharp angles, and intricate decorative elements. Gothic script is often associated with the Middle Ages and is still used today for formal and ceremonial purposes.
2. Italic Script:
Italic script, also referred to as Chancery cursive, is a more fluid and elegant style that emerged during the Renaissance. It is characterized by its slanted and flowing letterforms, which create a sense of rhythm and movement. Italic script is widely used in formal invitations, certificates, and artistic calligraphic works.
3. Copperplate Script:
Copperplate script, also known as English round hand, gained popularity during the 18th century. It is known for its smooth and delicate letterforms with fine hairline strokes and dramatic thick downstrokes. Copperplate script is often used in wedding invitations, formal correspondence, and calligraphic art pieces.
4. Uncial Script:
Uncial script originated in early medieval Europe and is characterized by its rounded and simplified letterforms. It was commonly used for writing in manuscripts during the early Christian era. Uncial script has a unique charm and is often associated with Celtic and Irish calligraphic traditions.
These are just a few examples of the many Western calligraphy styles that exist. Each style has its own rich history and unique aesthetic qualities, making Western calligraphy a captivating art form that continues to inspire and delight. Whether it’s preserving tradition or pushing the boundaries of contemporary design, Western calligraphy styles showcase the timeless beauty and versatility of the Latin alphabet.
Islamic Calligraphic Traditions: Expressing the Divine Word
Islamic calligraphic traditions hold a profound significance within the Islamic faith, serving as a form of art that expresses the magnificence of the divine word. An exquisite example of this can be found in calligraphy on the Qur’an, where skilled calligraphers meticulously craft intricate and ornate compositions that honor and beautify the holy text.
To create these masterpieces, calligraphers employ traditional materials such as handmade inks, quills, reeds, and special papers. Every element is thoughtfully chosen to ensure the utmost beauty and precision in showcasing the divine message. The choice of materials and the mastery of calligraphic techniques contribute to the awe-inspiring aesthetic and spiritual experience of Islamic calligraphy.
“Calligraphy is the orchestra of the infinite, the splash of the celestial, the symphony of the soul, and the mirror to the divine.” – Unknown
The art of Islamic calligraphy has deep roots in history and continues to be a revered tradition in Islamic culture. It is not only found in religious settings but also in architectural designs, manuscripts, and decorative arts. The intricate and flowing scripts of Islamic calligraphy serve as a visual representation of the divine word, inspiring reverence and appreciation among believers and art lovers alike.
Islamic Calligraphy Materials
Islamic calligraphic art requires specific materials to achieve its distinctive beauty. The traditional tools used by calligraphers include:
- Quills: Thin reed pens with a pointed tip, perfect for creating delicate strokes and fine details.
- Inks: Handmade inks crafted from natural materials such as crushed minerals, plant extracts, and precious metals. These inks often possess unique shades and textures that enhance the visual impact of the calligraphic compositions.
- Reeds: Used as a versatile tool for creating different calligraphic styles and brush techniques.
- Papers: Special papers, such as parchment or handmade paper, are carefully selected to complement the ink and provide the ideal surface for calligraphers to work their magic.
These materials, steeped in tradition and craftsmanship, play an integral role in the creation of Islamic calligraphic art, preserving and carrying forward the centuries-old heritage of this revered art form.
Calligraphy in Different Cultures: A Cultural Heritage
Calligraphy serves as a cultural heritage in many different cultures, preserving the history and traditions of a community. The art of calligraphy not only conveys the beauty of the written word but also carries deep symbolic meaning. Calligraphic symbolism is often present in religious texts, such as the Qur’an and Buddhist scriptures, adding depth and spiritual significance to the written word.
In Arabic calligraphy, the intricate scripts reflect the divine nature of the Arabic language and the importance of the Qur’an, while in Chinese calligraphy, characters are imbued with philosophical concepts of harmony and balance. Western calligraphy styles, on the other hand, showcase the elegance and artistry of the Latin alphabet, highlighting the cultural identity of European languages.
“Calligraphy is not just about writing; it is a form of meditation and a way to connect with the divine. Each stroke carries intention and meaning, making calligraphy a powerful tool for self-expression and cultural preservation.” – Calligraphy Master
Throughout history, calligraphy has played a crucial role in cultural ceremonies and rituals. From the writing of official documents and royal decrees to the inscriptions on ancient monuments, calligraphy has been used to commemorate important events and preserve the collective memory of a society. In the modern era, calligraphy continues to be celebrated and practiced, with calligraphers contributing to global media, branding, and design.
The Symbolism of Calligraphy
Calligraphic symbolism goes beyond the beauty of the written word. Each stroke, curve, and dot holds significance and carries the essence of the culture it belongs to. In religious texts, calligraphy becomes a sacred art that connects the divine with humanity. The delicate balance of form and meaning in calligraphy expresses not only the words themselves but also the spiritual and cultural values they embody.
| Calligraphic Tradition | Symbolic Meaning |
|---|---|
| Arabic Calligraphy | Divine revelation, the beauty of the Arabic language |
| Chinese Calligraphy | Harmony, balance, unity |
| Japanese Shodo | Mindfulness, discipline, Zen Buddhism |
| Western Calligraphy Styles | Elegance, artistry, cultural identity |
Calligraphy’s role as a cultural heritage extends beyond religious texts. It can also be seen in traditional artwork, architecture, and everyday objects. From the intricate calligraphic designs adorning mosques and temples to the calligraphic inscriptions on pottery and textiles, calligraphy becomes a visual representation of a culture’s aesthetic values and artistic expression.
As calligraphy continues to be passed down through generations and celebrated in various cultural practices, it remains a timeless art form that connects us to our past, present, and future. It is an emblem of cultural heritage and a testament to the power of the written word.
Brush Techniques and Materials Across Cultures
If you delve into the fascinating world of calligraphy across different cultures, you will discover a rich diversity of brush techniques and materials. Each culture has its own unique approach to this art form, resulting in a beautiful tapestry of styles and tools.
In Chinese brush calligraphy, precise brush strokes are executed with varying ink consistencies to create breathtaking characters. The emphasis is on capturing the essence of the subject and achieving a harmonious balance. Arabic calligraphy, on the other hand, relies on different types of reeds and inks to bring intricate scripts to life. The choice of materials is crucial in capturing the fluidity and elegance of the Arabic language.
Japanese Shodo places great importance on the balance between control and spontaneity in brush movements. The brushstrokes, made with a brush, ink, and special paper, are meant to convey a sense of Zen and mindfulness. Western calligraphy styles, with their focus on the Latin alphabet, employ a variety of tools and techniques. From pointed nibs to broad-edged pens, each style demands its own particular skill set.
Table:
| Culture | Brush Techniques | Materials |
|---|---|---|
| Chinese | Precise brush strokes, varying ink consistencies | Brush, ink, rice paper |
| Arabic | Intricate scripts, flowing lines | Reeds, inks, specialty papers |
| Japanese | Control and spontaneity, capturing Zen | Brush, ink, Japanese paper |
| Western | Various styles, pointed nibs, broad-edged pens | Quills, nibs, inks, parchment |
The Influence of Ink and Paper
Not only do brush techniques vary across cultures, but the choice of ink and paper also plays a crucial role in defining the aesthetics of calligraphy. Chinese calligraphers use ink made from soot mixed with glue, resulting in a rich, black hue that enhances the beauty of their brushstrokes. Arabic calligraphy often employs traditional inks made from natural pigments, such as indigo or saffron, providing a range of vibrant colors.
In Japan, calligraphers rely on sumi ink, a high-quality carbon-based black ink that offers a smooth flow and rich intensity. The absorbent Japanese paper, known as washi, complements the ink, allowing it to seep in and create a unique texture. Western calligraphy, on the other hand, utilizes a variety of inks, such as iron gall ink and acrylic ink, each with its own qualities and effects. Paper choices range from parchment and vellum to modern calligraphy papers.
As you explore the world of calligraphy, you will discover that brush techniques and materials are deeply intertwined with the cultural heritage and artistic traditions of each civilization. From the graceful strokes of Chinese calligraphy to the expressive scripts of Arabic and the zen-like movements of Japanese Shodo, the art of calligraphy offers a window into the diverse and fascinating world of cultures.
Calligraphy in Global Architecture and Public Spaces
Calligraphy is not limited to traditional mediums and can be found in global architecture and public spaces. From the intricate calligraphic designs adorning mosques and palaces to the bold lettering on city landmarks, calligraphy adds a touch of elegance and cultural identity to architectural structures and public areas.
In many cultures, calligraphy is deeply intertwined with architecture, serving as a visual representation of artistic expression and cultural heritage. Whether it’s the flowing Arabic script gracing the walls of the Alhambra in Spain or the delicate Chinese characters carved into the Forbidden City in Beijing, calligraphy becomes an integral part of the architectural design, bringing a sense of beauty and meaning to the space.
“Calligraphy is not just a decorative element in architecture; it communicates the essence of a culture and expresses the artistic vision of the architect. It is a powerful tool that bridges the gap between visual art and architectural design, creating a harmonious environment for all to experience.” – Architectural Digest
Inspiring Examples of Calligraphy in Architecture
Several architectural landmarks around the world showcase the use of calligraphy in their designs, leaving a lasting impression on visitors:
- The Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque in Abu Dhabi features breathtaking calligraphy on its walls, showcasing the beauty of the Arabic language and Islamic culture.
- The Louvre Abu Dhabi Museum incorporates calligraphic elements into its stunning dome, symbolizing the exchange of ideas and cultures.
- The Gyeongbokgung Palace in Seoul, South Korea, displays intricate calligraphy on its doors and walls, reflecting the rich cultural heritage of the country.
Calligraphy in Public Spaces
Public spaces also embrace the art of calligraphy, creating an immersive experience for visitors:
- The High Line Park in New York City features calligraphic installations that blend with the urban landscape, inviting contemplation and reflection.
- In Dubai, the Dubai Design District showcases calligraphic sculptures and installations, celebrating the fusion of art, design, and culture.
- The Jardin Majorelle in Marrakech, Morocco, incorporates calligraphy into its vibrant blue walls, adding a touch of elegance to the botanical gardens.
By integrating calligraphy into architecture and public spaces, we not only pay homage to the rich traditions of different cultures but also create spaces that are visually captivating and culturally significant. Calligraphy becomes a bridge between the past, present, and future, connecting people from all walks of life through the beauty of the written word.
Modern Interpretations of Calligraphy: From Fashion to Festivals
Calligraphy has transcended its traditional boundaries and has become a source of inspiration for modern interpretations in various fields. From fashion to festivals, calligraphy continues to influence and captivate audiences around the world.
In the realm of fashion, calligraphy has found its place in haute couture and streetwear alike. Designers draw upon the elegance and fluidity of calligraphy strokes to create unique patterns and motifs on fabric. Calligraphic elements are often incorporated into clothing, accessories, and even footwear, adding a touch of artistic flair. This modern take on calligraphy in fashion not only showcases the beauty of the written word but also highlights its versatility as a design element.
International festivals dedicated to calligraphy are another testament to its modern interpretations. These vibrant events bring together calligraphers from different cultures and showcase their diverse styles and techniques. Visitors can witness live demonstrations, attend workshops, and explore exhibitions that celebrate the art form. From large-scale outdoor installations to interactive displays, calligraphy in festivals offers a visual feast for all.
Calligraphy in Global Branding
Calligraphy has also made its mark in global branding, with companies leveraging its timeless appeal to create distinctive and memorable logos. The flowing lines and intricate details of calligraphic lettering convey a sense of elegance and sophistication, making it a popular choice for luxury brands and high-end products. By incorporating calligraphy into their visual identity, these brands establish a unique and recognizable aesthetic that resonates with consumers.
Calligraphy in International Festivals
International festivals dedicated to calligraphy are vibrant gatherings that celebrate the art form in all its modern interpretations. These events provide a platform for calligraphers from different cultures to come together and showcase their skills and creativity. Visitors can immerse themselves in the world of calligraphy through workshops, exhibitions, and performances. These festivals serve as a testament to the enduring beauty and universal appeal of calligraphy in today’s globalized world.
Calligraphy in Global Education and Cross-Cultural Workshops
In today’s interconnected world, calligraphy has become more than just an art form. It has emerged as a valuable educational tool that promotes cultural understanding and appreciation. Schools and universities around the globe are incorporating calligraphy into their curriculum, offering students the opportunity to explore different calligraphic traditions and develop a deeper understanding of diverse cultures.
Calligraphy workshops, both in-person and virtual, play a crucial role in fostering cross-cultural exchange. These workshops bring together artists from various backgrounds, providing a platform for them to share their knowledge, techniques, and experiences. Participants not only learn calligraphy skills but also gain valuable insights into the cultural significance and symbolism embedded within each calligraphic tradition.
These cross-cultural calligraphy workshops encourage dialogue, collaboration, and mutual respect among participants. Through the exchange of ideas and practices, artists are able to broaden their horizons, expand their artistic repertoire, and develop a deeper appreciation for the diversity of calligraphic expressions around the world. These workshops also create lasting connections and friendships among participants, forming a global network of calligraphers who continue to inspire and support each other.
| Benefits of Calligraphy in Global Education and Cross-Cultural Workshops | Examples |
|---|---|
| 1. Promotes cultural understanding and appreciation | Students studying Arabic calligraphy gain insight into Islamic culture and the beauty of the Arabic language. |
| 2. Fosters creativity and self-expression | Participants in Japanese Shodo workshops learn the art of mindfulness and find new ways to express themselves through calligraphy. |
| 3. Builds bridges between communities | Artists from different cultures come together in cross-cultural calligraphy workshops, fostering mutual understanding and respect. |
Overall, calligraphy in global education and cross-cultural workshops plays a vital role in promoting cultural exchange, preserving traditions, and fostering creativity. It enhances our understanding of different cultures, encourages dialogue, and ultimately brings people closer together through the shared appreciation of this beautiful art form.
Conclusion
Calligraphy is more than just a form of writing; it is a powerful expression of art and culture. Through the intricate strokes and elegant compositions, calligraphy serves as a means to convey emotions and ideas, transcending language barriers and cultural boundaries. Whether it is the Arabic calligraphy honoring the sacredness of the Quran, the Chinese brush calligraphy showcasing harmony and balance, or the Western calligraphy styles highlighting the beauty of the Latin alphabet, each tradition reflects the cultural identity of its respective community.
Calligraphy holds a significant place in traditional ceremonies, where its presence adds a touch of grace and reverence. From wedding invitations to birth certificates, calligraphic elements bring a sense of tradition and importance to these special occasions. Moreover, calligraphy has also made its way into the global media, where it is utilized in various forms of advertising, branding, and design. Its timeless elegance continues to captivate audiences worldwide.
As a form of artistic expression, calligraphy has the ability to evoke emotions and create connections. It is a tangible representation of cultural heritage and serves as a reminder of the rich traditions passed down through generations. Whether you admire the intricate Arabic calligraphy, the precise brushstrokes of Chinese calligraphy, or the elegant lettering in Western styles, calligraphy invites you to appreciate the beauty and significance of the written word.
As you explore the world of calligraphy, you delve into the essence of different cultures. Each stroke carries a story, and each character holds a meaning. By embracing calligraphy, you embark on a journey that not only celebrates the diversity of artistic traditions but also fosters a deeper understanding and appreciation for the various cultures that make our world a beautifully interconnected tapestry.
FAQ – Calligraphy in Different Cultures
What is calligraphy?
Calligraphy is the art of beautiful handwriting or lettering, often seen as a form of artistic expression.
What are some different calligraphy styles around the world?
Arabic calligraphy, Chinese brush calligraphy, Japanese Shodo, and Western calligraphy styles are some of the diverse calligraphic traditions found across the globe.
How is Arabic calligraphy connected to Arabic language and Islamic culture?
Arabic calligraphy is deeply intertwined with the Arabic language and Islamic culture, often associated with the Quran and found in mosques and medressas.
What is Chinese brush calligraphy?
Chinese brush calligraphy is a traditional art form that combines painting and calligraphy, using a brush dipped in ink to create expressive strokes and characters.
How can I learn Japanese calligraphy?
You can participate in a Japanese calligraphy experience tour organized by Asagao Workshop, where you can learn the basics and create your own artwork.
What are some popular Western calligraphy styles?
Western calligraphy styles include Gothic script, Copperplate, and many others, each with their own distinct characteristics and historical significance.
What is the significance of calligraphy in Islamic traditions?
Calligraphy on the Quran is considered a sacred art form, aiming to honor and beautify the holy text. Traditional materials like handmade inks and quills are often used by calligraphers.
How does calligraphy preserve cultural heritage?
Calligraphy serves as a cultural heritage in many communities, passing down traditions, adding symbolism to religious texts, and contributing to the cultural identity of a community.
How do brush techniques and materials vary in different calligraphic traditions?
Chinese brush calligraphy, Arabic calligraphy, and Japanese Shodo each have their own specific brush techniques and materials, contributing to the unique characteristics of each tradition.
Where can calligraphy be found in global architecture and public spaces?
Calligraphy can be found adorning mosques, palaces, and city landmarks, adding elegance and cultural identity to architectural structures and public areas.
How is calligraphy celebrated in modern interpretations?
Calligraphy is celebrated in global branding and international festivals, showcasing diverse styles and techniques in various art forms.
How does calligraphy promote cultural exchange and appreciation?
Calligraphy is taught in schools and universities, and cross-cultural calligraphy workshops provide a platform for artists from different cultures to learn from one another, fostering cultural exchange and appreciation.
